force sensors

Devices that measure forces and torques applied to a robot or its end-effector. They provide critical feedback for force/impedance control, collision detection, safe interaction with humans and environments, and haptic feedback. Key attributes include measurement axes (1D–6D), range, resolution, accuracy, bandwidth, mounting form factor (wrist-mounted, joint-integrated, in-hand), and signal interface (analog, digital, CAN, EtherCAT). Applications: compliant manipulation, assembly (insertion/press-fit), force-guided motion, teleoperation with haptics, grasp quality monitoring, and safety monitoring.